Browsing by Author "Rodriguez, Lindsey M."
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Item A multisite randomized trial of normative feedback for heavy drinking: Social comparison versus social comparison plus correction of normative misperceptions(Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2016-03) Neighbors, Clayton; Lewis, Melissa A.; LaBrie, Joseph W.; DiBello, Angelo M.; Young, Chelsie M.; Rinker, Dipali; Litt, Dana M.; Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; Knee, C. Raymond; Hamor, Ezekiel; Jerabeck, Jessica M.; Larimer, Mary E.Objective: Given widespread alcohol misuse among college students, numerous intervention programs have been developed, including personalized normative feedback (PNF). Most research evaluating PNF assumes that presenting one's own perceived norms is necessary to correct normative misperceptions and thereby reduce drinking. Alternatively, simply providing social comparison information showing that one drinks more than others may be sufficient. The present study evaluated the efficacy of full PNF (one's own drinking, campus drinking rates, and perceived norms) and a partial personalized social comparison feedback (PSCF; one's own drinking and campus drinking rates) in a randomized trial among heavy-drinking college students. Method: Participants included 623 heavy-drinking students from three universities. Assessments occurred at baseline and three- and six-months post-baseline. Results: Primary analyses examined differences across four drinking outcomes (drinks per week, total drinks past month, frequency of past month drinking, and negative alcohol-related consequences) at three- and six-month follow-ups controlling for the baseline variable. Results revealed significant reductions across all alcohol consumption outcomes at three months in both intervention conditions compared to attention-control. Mediation analyses demonstrated significant indirect effects of the intervention on six-month drinking through changes in perceived norms at three months. Moreover, evidence emerged for changes in drinking at three months as a mediator of the association between PSCF and six-month perceived norms. Conclusions: The present research suggests PNF may not require explicit consideration of one's perceived norms in order to be effective and that direct social comparison provides an alternative theoretical mechanism for PNF efficacy.Item An interdependent look at perceptions of spousal drinking problems and marital outcomes(Alcohol, 2015-09) Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; Neighbors, ClaytonResearch indicates a bidirectional association between heavy alcohol use and marital quality among couples. The current research extends previous research on the role of interpersonal perception by examining how partner drinking and perceiving one’s partner’s drinking as problematic are associated with subsequent marital outcomes. Moreover, we evaluated how perceiving one’s partner to have a drinking problem was associated with marital functioning, and whether that association differed based on the partner’s actual drinking. Married couples (N = 123 dyads) with at least one spouse who consumed alcohol regularly completed measures of alcohol use and consequences, the perception that their spouse’s drinking was problematic, and marital adjustment (i.e., relationship satisfaction, commitment, and trust). Results from actor-partner interdependence models using structural equations modeling indicated that for husbands, partner heavy drinking was associated with lower adjustment. Additionally, for husbands, perceiving their spouse had a drinking problem was associated with lower adjustment for both themselves and their wives. Moreover, significant interactions between partner drinking and the perception of partner drinking problem on marital adjustment emerged, controlling for amount of consumption. Specifically, perceiving one’s partner’s drinking as a problem was only negatively associated with relationship adjustment if the partner reported higher levels of heavy drinking. This pattern was stronger for husbands. Results illustrate the importance of interpersonal perception, gender differences, and the use of dyadic data to model the complex dynamic between spouses with regard to alcohol use and how it affects relationship outcomes.Item Blood is thicker than booze: Examining the role of familism and gender in alcohol use and related consequences among Hispanic college students(Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2016) DiBello, Angelo M.; Gonzales, Rubi G.; Young, Chelsie M.; Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; Neighbors, ClaytonThe present study evaluated cultural, ethnic, and gender differences in drinking and alcohol-related problems among Hispanic students. Familism protects against negative outcomes in Hispanic populations, thus we expected familism to buffer against alcohol problems. Participants (N =623; 53% female) completed a battery of measures. Results suggested that familism was protective against drinking. Furthermore, alcohol use mediated the association between familism and alcohol-related problems. In sum, understanding that culture plays an important role in people’s behaviors and identifying protective factors is critical to inform culturally sensitive prevention and intervention efforts.Item Comorbidity of alcohol and gambling problems in emerging adults: A bifactor model conceptualization(Journal of Gambling Studies, 03/22/17) Tackett, Jennifer L.; Krieger, Heather; Neighbors, Clayton; Rinker, Dipali; Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; Edward, GottheilAddictive disorders, such as pathological gambling and alcohol use disorders, frequently co-occur at greater than chance levels. Substantive questions stem from this comorbidity regarding the extent to which shared variance between gambling and alcohol use reflects a psychological core of addictive tendencies, and whether this differs as a function of gender. The aims of this study were to differentiate both common and unique variance in alcohol and gambling problems in a bifactor model, examine measurement invariance of this model by gender, and identify substantive correlates of the final bifactor model. Undergraduates (N = 4475) from a large northwestern university completed an online screening questionnaire which included demographics, quantity of money lost and won when gambling, the South Oaks Gambling Screen, the AUDIT, gambling motives, drinking motives, personality, and the Brief Symptom Inventory. Results suggest that the bifactor model fit the data well in the full sample. Although the data suggest configural invariance across gender, factor loadings could not be constrained to be equal between men and women. As such, general and specific factors were examined separately by gender with a more intensive subsample of females and males (n = 264). Correlations with motivational tendencies, personality traits, and mental health symptoms indicated support for the validity of the bifactor model, as well as gender-specific patterns of association. Results suggest informative distinctions between shared and unique attributes related to problematic drinking and gambling.Item Coping with Jealousy: The association between maladaptive aspects of jealousy and drinking problems are mediated by drinking to cope(Addictive Behaviors, 2014-01) DiBello, Angelo M.; Neighbors, Clayton; Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; Lindgren, Kristen P.Previous research has shown that both alcohol use and jealousy are related to negative relationship outcomes. Little work, however, has examined direct associations between alcohol use and jealousy. The current study aimed to build upon existing research examining alcohol use and jealousy. More specifically, findings from current jealousy literature indicate that jealousy is a multifaceted construct with both maladaptive and adaptive aspects. The current study examined the association between maladaptive and adaptive feelings of jealousy and alcohol-related problems in the context of drinking to cope. Given the relationship between coping motives and alcohol-related problems, our primary interest was in predicting alcohol-related problems, but alcohol consumption was also investigated. Undergraduate students at a large Northwestern university (N = 657) in the US participated in the study. They completed measures of jealousy, drinking to cope, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems. Analyses examined associations between jealousy subscales, alcohol use, drinking to cope, and drinking problems. Results indicated that drinking to cope mediated the association between some, but not all, aspects of jealousy and problems with alcohol use. In particular, the more negative or maladaptive aspects of jealousy were related to drinking to cope and drinking problems, while the more adaptive aspects were not, suggesting a more complex view of jealousy than previously understood.Item Cultural differences and shame in an expressive writing alcohol intervention(Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 10/07/16) Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; Young, Chelsie M.; Neighbors, Clayton; Tou, Reese; Lu, QianThe present study evaluates the relationships between shame, culture, and drinking behavior in predicting drinking intentions in the context of an expressive writing intervention. Theory and empirical findings have generally found that shame is maladaptive and can lead to anxiety, depression, and problematic alcohol use. However, research on cultural differences suggests that shame may be differentially damaging to individuals of collectivist, Asian cultures. Previous research evaluating expressive writing as a brief alcohol intervention has shown promising results such as reduced drinking intentions and increased readiness to change drinking behavior. The present study tested the hypothesis that feelings of shame after writing about a negative heavy drinking event would be associated with greater alcohol use generally and that this effect would differ for Caucasian compared to Asian individuals. We also explored whether this differed for light and heavy drinkers. Two hundred sixty-four undergraduates (74% female) who drank at least one alcoholic beverage in the past month completed measures of demographics, baseline drinking, event-related shame and guilt, pre- and postwriting affect, and drinking intentions. Results revealed that, independent of affect, social desirability, and event-related guilt, shame was generally negatively associated with drinking intentions for Caucasians and light drinking Asians. However, for heavy drinking Asians, shame was associated with increased drinking intentions. Results suggest that interventions that elicit shame are differentially effective and should be targeted accordingly.Item Differential Utility of Skills-Based Interventions for Proactive and Reactive Batterers(2015-08) Kini, Sheetal Satish; Babcock, Julia C.; Vincent, John P.; Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; Leung, PatrickThe current study reexamines data from Babcock and colleagues (2011) proximal change experiment to discern the differential utility of communication skills-based interventions between Proactive and Reactive batterers. Given that communication styles and motivations for violence are markedly different for Reactive and Proactive batterers, the aim of this study was to conduct a preliminary treatment matching study for Proactive and Reactive batterers. We hypothesized that Proactive men would exhibit more positive emotional and behavioral change following the Accepting Influence intervention while Reactive men would exhibit more positive emotional and behavior change following the ‘Editing out the Negative’ intervention. Partners of Proactive and Reactive men were also hypothesized to exhibit similar patterns of behavioral and emotional changes. Results found that batterers were able to learn both skills equally well. While a series of MANCOVAs found no differences by type of batterers’ response to different interventions, contrast analyses revealed a trend. Reactive batterers tended to feel less aggressive after completing the ‘Editing out the Negative’ intervention in comparison to the Proactive batterers who completed the ‘Accepting influence’ intervention (t= 1.49, p = .10) and tended to exhibit less negative affect in comparison to Reactive batterers that completed the Accepting Influence intervention ( t = 19.1, p = .03). Partners of Reactive men who completed the ‘Editing out the Negative’ intervention also became significantly less aggressive compared to women whose partners completed the ‘Accepting Influence’ intervention (t = 4.67, p = 0.03). Findings of the current study lend some support for tailoring interventions specific to batterer type and eliminating the ‘one size fits all trend’ for batterer intervention programs.Item Dynamic Norms' Influence on Relationship Quality During the Transition to Parenthood(2020-08) Lorenz, Whitney Petit; Knee, C. Raymond; Derrick, Jaye L.; Neighbors, Clayton; Rodriguez, Lindsey M.A challenging time for those in romantic relationships is during the transition to parenthood (TTP). Research suggests that throughout the TTP romantic relationship quality dramatically declines. Given the impact that romantic relationships have on health and well-being, and especially the importance of having a healthy romantic relationship during the TTP, research investigating ways to mitigate this negative decline in romantic relationship quality is important. Current programs to aid couples during this transition are extensive in both time and resources. Thus, the present study evaluated the efficacy of a brief intervention to reduce the negative decline in romantic relationship quality during the TTP. To test this, 181 pregnant individuals who completed all assessments were randomly assigned to either a dynamic norm condition where they received normative information about ways people maintain romantic relationship functioning during the TTP or assessment only (i.e., no feedback control condition). Participants completed self-report measures concerning their romantic relationship quality before and after birth. Results revealed that the intervention did not significantly change the decline in romantic relationship quality or the increase in relationship conflict at follow-up, and these results were not moderated by either need fulfillment or behavioral intentions. These findings may have important implications for improving future relationship interventions to aid in the TTP as well as other transitions that occur during a relationship’s lifetime.Item Efficacy of personalized normative feedback as a brief intervention for college student gambling: A randomized controlled trial(Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2015-06) Neighbors, Clayton; Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; Rinker, Dipali; Agana, Maigen; Gonzales, Rubi G.; Tackett, Jennifer L.; Foster, Dawn W.Objective: Social influences on gambling among adolescents and adults have been well documented and may be particularly evident among college students, who have higher rates of problem and pathological gambling relative to the general population. Personalized normative feedback (PNF) is a brief intervention designed to correct misperceptions regarding the prevalence of problematic behavior by showing individuals engaging in such behaviors that their own behavior is atypical with respect to actual norms. The current randomized controlled trial evaluated a computer-delivered PNF intervention for problem gambling college students. Method: Following a baseline assessment, 252 college student gamblers scoring 2+ on the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) were randomly assigned to receive PNF or attention-control feedback. Follow-up assessments were completed 3 and 6 months postintervention. Results: Results indicated significant intervention effects in reducing perceived norms for quantities lost and won, and in reducing actual quantity lost and gambling problems at the 3-month follow-up. All intervention effects except reduced gambling problems remained at the 6-month follow-up. Mediation results indicated that changes in perceived norms at 3 months mediated the intervention effects. Further, the intervention effects were moderated by self-identification with other student gamblers, suggesting that PNF worked better at reducing gambling for those who more strongly identified with other student gamblers. Conclusions: Results support the use of PNF as a stand-alone brief intervention for at-risk gambling students. Extending this approach more broadly may provide an accessible, empirically supported gambling prevention option for universities and related institutions.Item Emotions That Predict Intimate Partner Violence among Women and Men(2017-05) Sommer, Johannah M.; Babcock, Julia C.; Vincent, John P.; Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; Knee, C. RaymondAlthough maladaptive communication and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) have consistently been associated, higher-order communication factors and dyadic statistical approaches are needed to examine how violent partners communicate. Furthermore, evidence continues to suggest high rates of bilateral violence, a form of IPV where both partners initiate violence perpetration, but little is known about factors maintaining bilateral violence in these relationships. The current study sought to use factor analysis to explore how violent couples communicate using the Specific Affect (SPAFF) coding scheme, and how communication is related to physical assault perpetration and bilateral physical assault using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM). Community-recruited violent couples (n = 258) completed violence questionnaires and engaged in a conflict discussion. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results did not confirm the existing four-factor structure of SPAFF. Instead, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) found support for a six-factor structure for men and a four-factor structure for women. Men and women had one shared Aggression factor (comprised of Defensiveness, Contempt, and Belligerence) that was used to predict physical assault in APIM models. Models found couple-level support for the Aggression factor for men and women, and their interaction, being associated with physical assault perpetration and bilateral violence. Results highlight the potential efficacy of individual and conjoint treatments for IPV that target negative communication behaviors and affect.Item Evaluating guilt and shame in an expressive writing alcohol intervention(Alcohol, 2015-08) Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; Young, Chelsie M.; Neighbors, Clayton; Campbell, Michelle T.; Lu, QianExpressive writing interventions have shown positive physical and psychological health benefits over time, with the presumed mechanism being emotional disclosure. However, work utilizing expressive writing in behavior change has been minimal. The current research applied the expressive writing paradigm to reduce drinking intentions among college students, and evaluated the role of event-related guilt and shame in intervention effects. College students (N = 429) completed a baseline survey and were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: Negative (write about a heavy drinking event that was negative); Positive (write about a heavy drinking event that was positive); or Neutral (write about their first day of college). After writing, readiness to change and future drinking intentions were assessed. Results revealed intervention effects on intended drinks per week and intended number of drinks during peak and typical drinking occasions. Participants in the negative condition also displayed higher levels of event-related guilt and shame. Results showed that guilt mediated intervention effects on readiness to change, which also mediated the association between guilt-reparative behavior and drinking intentions. Results provide initial support for an expressive writing intervention on alcohol use and underscore the importance of eliciting emotions associated with reparative behavior when considering negative past experiences and future behavior change.Item Event specific drinking among college students(Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 2011-12) Neighbors, Clayton; Atkins, David C.; Lewis, Melissa A.; Lee, Christine M.; Kaysen, Debra; Mittmann, Angela; Fossos, Nicole; Rodriguez, Lindsey M.College represents a period of risk for heavy drinking and experiencing unwanted consequences associated with drinking. Previous research has identified specific events including holidays (e.g., New Years), school breaks (e.g., Spring Break) and personally relevant events (e.g., 21st birthdays) that are associated with elevated risk of heavy drinking and negative alcohol-related consequences. The systematic evaluation of relative risk offers insights into event specific drinking and an empirical basis upon which to consider allocation of limited prevention resources. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to provide a comparative index of drinking across a wide range of holidays and compare holiday drinking to 21st birthday drinking. Participants were 1,124 students (55% female) who had turned 21 within the previous three weeks in 2008 and provided 90-day retrospective reports of their drinking using the Timeline Follow-back. Results based on a hurdle mixed model for blood alcohol content (BAC) revealed several holidays that stand out for elevated drinking, including New Year’s Eve and July 4th, whereas other holidays appear more similar to weekend drinking, such as Spring Break (approximately last week of March) and graduation (mid-June). Drinking on holidays or special days was substantially lower than drinking on 21st birthdays. Results are discussed in terms of practical applications for targeted intervention efforts on college campuses toward specific events where elevated drinking is known to occur.Item Expressive writing as a brief intervention for reducing drinking intentions(Addictive Behaviors, 2013-12) Young, Chelsie M.; Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; Neighbors, ClaytonThe present study examined the effectiveness of expressive writing in reducing drinking behavior. We expected that students prompted to write about negative drinking experiences would show greater decreases in future drinking intentions compared to the neutral and the positive writing conditions. We also expected that decreases in drinking intentions following the writing prompts might differ based on current drinking and AUDIT scores. Participants included 200 (76% female) undergraduates who completed measures of their current drinking behavior. They were then randomly assigned to either write about: a time when they had a lot to drink that was a good time (Positive); a time when they had a lot to drink that was a bad time (Negative); or their first day of college (Neutral), followed by measures assessing intended drinking over the next three months. Results revealed that participants intended to drink significantly fewer drinks per week and engage in marginally fewer heavy drinking occasions after writing about a negative drinking occasion when compared to control. Interactions provided mixed findings suggesting that writing about a positive event was associated with higher drinking intentions for heavier drinkers. Writing about a negative event was associated with higher intentions among heavier drinkers, but lower intentions among those with higher AUDIT scores. This research builds on previous expressive writing interventions by applying this technique to undergraduate drinkers. Preliminary results provide some support for this innovative strategy but also suggest the need for further refinement, especially with heavier drinkers.Item Friends in low places: The impact of companions and locations on 21st birthday drinking(Addictive Behaviors, 2016-01) Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; Young, Chelsie M.; Tomkins, Mary; DiBello, Angelo M.; Krieger, Heather; Neighbors, ClaytonThe present research examined how various locations and companions were associated with hazardous drinking during 21st birthday celebrations. The sample included 912 college students (57% female) who completed an online survey to examine 21st birthday drinking. Locations included bars, friends’ houses, restaurants, outdoor barbecues, homes, parents’ homes, Fraternity/Sorority houses, and other. Companions included friends, family members, casual acquaintances, roommates, significant others, Fraternity/Sorority members, and none (alone). Participants consumed an average of 7.6 drinks and reached an average eBAC of .15 during their 21st birthday celebrations. Locations accounted for 20%/18% of the variance in number of drinks and eBAC, respectively, whereas companions accounted for 23%/20% of the variance. Drinking with romantic partners was associated with less drinking, whereas drinking with Fraternity/Sorority members was associated with more drinking. Stepwise regressions combining locations and companions suggested that, overall, celebrating in a bar setting and with Fraternity and Sorority members were the strongest variables associated with drinking. With the exception of a bar setting, companions were the most important contextual factors associated with 21st birthday drinking.Item Perceptions of Partners’ Problematic Alcohol Use Affect Relationship Outcomes Beyond Partner Self-Reported Drinking: Alcohol Use in Committed Romantic Relationships(Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 2013-09) Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; Øverup, Camilla S.; Neighbors, ClaytonAlcohol use is prevalent among college students, including those who are in committed romantic relationships. Individuals’ perceptions of their partner’s alcohol use may have significant effects on how they view both their partner and their relationship. The current study examines the effect of one’s perception of one’s romantic partner’s drinking as problematic on one’s relationship satisfaction and commitment, and whether this varies as a function of one’s partner’s drinking. Both partners in romantic heterosexual relationships (N = 78 dyads) completed an online survey assessing alcohol use and problems, relationship satisfaction and commitment, and the perception that their partner’s drinking was problematic. Analyses using Actor-Partner Interdependence Models (APIMs) revealed a partner-moderated actor interaction, such that partner self-reported drinking significantly moderated the association between the actor’s perception of their partner’s drinking as problematic and actor relationship outcomes. Results indicated that when partners drank at higher levels, perceiving their drinking as problematic did not have an effect. These individuals were less satisfied regardless of their perceptions. However, when partners drank at lower levels, perceiving their drinking as problematic was negatively associated with relationship outcomes. Furthermore, for alcohol consumption, three-way interactions with gender emerged, indicating that this effect was stronger for males. Results extend the literature on drinking in relationships and on interpersonal perception. Implications and future directions are discussed.Item The price of distrust: Trust, anxious attachment, jealousy, and partner abuse(2015-07) Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; DiBello, Angelo M.; Øverup, Camilla S.; Neighbors, ClaytonTrust is essential to the development of healthy, secure, and satisfying relationships (Simpson, 2007a). Attachment styles provide a theoretical framework for understanding how individuals respond to partner behaviors that either confirm or violate trust (Hazan & Shaver, 1994). The current research aimed to identify how trust and attachment anxiety might interact to predict different types of jealousy and physical and psychological abuse. We expected that when experiencing lower levels of trust, anxiously attached individuals would report higher levels of both cognitive and behavioral jealousy as well as partner abuse perpetration. Participants in committed romantic relationships (N = 261) completed measures of trust, attachment anxiety and avoidance, jealousy, and physical and psychological partner abuse in a cross-sectional study. Moderation results largely supported the hypotheses: Attachment anxiety moderated the association between trust and jealousy, such that anxious individuals experienced much higher levels of cognitive and behavioral jealousy when reporting lower levels of trust. Moreover, attachment anxiety moderated the association between trust and nonphysical violence. These results suggest that upon experiencing distrust in one's partner, anxiously attached individuals are more likely to become jealous, snoop through a partner's belongings, and become psychologically abusive. The present research illustrates that particularly for anxiously attached individuals, distrust has cascading effects on relationship cognitions and behavior, and this should be a key area of discussion during therapy.Item Priming effects of self-reported drinking and religiosity(Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 2014-03) Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; Neighbors, Clayton; Foster, Dawn W.Research has revealed negative associations between religiosity and alcohol consumption. Given these associations, the aim of the current research was to evaluate whether the order of assessing each construct might affect subsequent reports of the other. The present research provided an experimental evaluation of response biases of self-reported religiosity and alcohol consumption based on order of assessment. Participants (N = 301 undergraduate students) completed an online survey. Based on random assignment, religiosity was assessed either before or after questions regarding recent alcohol consumption. Social desirability bias was also measured. Results revealed a priming effect such that participants who answered questions about their religiosity prior to their alcohol consumption reported fewer drinks on their peak drinking occasions, drinking less on typical occasions, and drinking less frequently, even when controlling for social desirability and for the significant negative associations between their own religiosity and drinking. In contrast, assessment order was not significantly associated with religiosity. Results indicate priming religion results in reporting lower, but potentially more accurate, levels of health risk behaviors and that these effects are not simply the result of socially desirable responding. Results are interpreted utilizing several social–cognitive theories and suggest that retrospective self-reports of drinking may be more malleable than self-descriptions of religiosity. Implications and future directions are discussed.Item Problematic Alcohol Use and Marital Adjustment: An Interdependence Theory Perspective(2014-05) Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; Knee, C. Raymond; Neighbors, Clayton; Babcock, Julia C.; Acitelli, Linda K.Although marriage generally predicts decreased heavy drinking and alcohol problems, many couples develop and maintain alcohol use disorders during marriage and other committed relationships. When one person is affected by problem drinking, it both affects and is affected by their close relationships, particularly the one with their partner or spouse. The causal connections between problematic drinking and marital adjustment are complex and only partially understood, but the available evidence shows that the two problems often exacerbate each other, creating a negative feedback loop. The current project examined problematic drinking and marital adjustment using an interdependence theory framework over three timepoints. Married couples (N = 123 dyads) completed a web-based baseline assessment and two web-based follow-up assessments three- and six-months later. New theoretical models using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) were tested. Support was found for husband drinking problems affecting his own and his spouse’s marital adjustment, especially if the drinking levels were discrepant within the couple and when the partner believes that the spouse’s drinking is a source of strain in the relationship. There was also support for mediation of drinking on adjustment through the wife’s destructive communication strategies and through spouse regulation behaviors. Overall, the new models integrate several mediators and moderators, which differ depending upon the temporal direction.Item Remote vs. in-lab computer-delivered personalized normative feedback interventions for college student drinking(Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2015-06) Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; Neighbors, Clayton; Rinker, Dipali; Lewis, Melissa A.; Lazorwitz, Brenda; Gonzales, Rubi G.; Larimer, Mary E.Objective: Computer-based interventions aimed at reducing college student drinking have shown positive effects. This paper compares differences in effects of computer-based personalized normative feedback (PNF) interventions based on delivery modality (in-person vs. remotely) across six previously evaluated studies with similar content. Method: Three studies included evaluations of a computer-based PNF intervention where baseline and intervention procedures took place inside a laboratory setting; three separate studies included evaluations of the same intervention where participants completed the procedures remotely over the web. Thus, we tested for differences in intervention efficacy by delivery modality. Outcomes included drinks per week, drinking-related consequences, and the putative intervention mechanism, perceived drinking norms. Results: Evidence from hierarchical linear models indicated that computer-based interventions are less effective at reducing drinking and related consequences when delivered remotely than when delivered in-person. Conclusion: The advantages of interventions delivered remotely are not without cost. Suggestions for why remote computer-based interventions may be less effective are discussed.Item Self-identification as a moderator of the relationship between gambling-related perceived norms and gambling behavior(Journal of Gambling Studies, 2014-03) Foster, Dawn W.; Neighbors, Clayton; Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; Lazorwitz, Brenda; Gonzales, Rubi G.This research was designed to evaluate social influences and perceived social norms on gambling behavior among undergraduate students. Furthermore, this research was designed to replicate and extend previous research demonstrating that young adults overestimate the prevalence of gambling among peers, and that the magnitude of overestimation is positively associated with own use (Larimer and Neighbors, Psychol Addict Behav 17:235–243, 2003). We expected that; (1) gambling college students would identify more strongly with other gambling students compared to other students in general; (2) identification with other gambling students would predict gambling behaviors over and above perceived prevalence of gambling; and (3) identification with other gambling students would moderate the association between perceived social norms and gambling behavior. Participants included 1,486 undergraduate students who completed measures assessing gambling quantity and frequency, gambling-related perceived descriptive norms, and identification with groups. Results revealed that perceived norms for gambling were associated with gambling and revealed that students identified more strongly with other students than either gamblers or student gamblers. However, gambling behavior was more strongly associated with identification with gambling students than students in general. There was consistent support for the perspective that social identity moderates the association between perceived norms for gambling and gambling behavior. This research builds on previous examinations of social influences related to gambling and suggests that it may be important to consider the overall prevalence of a given behavior before considering norms-based intervention approaches. Interventions utilizing social norms for gambling may be advised to consider references other than just the typical student.