Browsing by Author "Johnson, Kia N."
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Item A Comparison of Speech Disfluencies in Bilingual Spanish-English Children Who Do and Do Not Stutter: A Preliminary Investigation(2017-05) Rincon, Cristina; Johnson, Kia N.; Castilla-Earls, Anny; Byrd, Courtney T.Bilingual Spanish-English (SE) children who do not stutter (CWNS) are known to exceed the diagnostic criteria for developmental stuttering based on monolingual English speakers. Therefore, this population is at risk of being misdiagnosed as children who stutter (CWS). The purpose of this study is to examine the speech disfluency frequency and type of bilingual SE CWS to SE CWNS during narrative samples elicited in Spanish and English to provide further diagnostic information for this population. Participants included 5 bilingual Spanish-English children (2 CWS, 3 CWNS) ranging in age from 5 years to 7 years and 5 months and recruited from the surrounding Houston, Texas area. Findings indicate that the current diagnostic criteria for developmental stuttering, based on monolingual English speakers, are not appropriate for bilingual Spanish-English children who do not stutter because it is too low for this population. Regardless of the language being spoken, CWS participants had a frequency of stuttering-like disfluencies that exceeded the diagnostic criteria for developmental stuttering that is based on monolingual English speakers. The CWNS participants varied in meeting the criteria depending on the language being spoken. Findings from this study may contribute to the stuttering frequency criteria specific to bilingual SE children to reduce misdiagnoses of stuttering in this population.Item A Preliminary Investigation of Speech Disfluencies in Bilingual Urdu-English Children(2019-05) Naqvi, SyedaBilingual Spanish-English (SE) speaking children who do not stutter (CWNS) are known to exceed the diagnostic criteria for developmental stuttering based on data of monolingual English speakers. While this indicates the risk of misdiagnosis amongst SE speakers, it further questions how speech disfluencies present in other bilingual speakers. Urdu, the native language of Pakistan and its surrounding areas, is currently one of the fastest growing languages in the United States (US). The purpose of this study is to examine the speech disfluencies of bilingual Urdu-English (UE) speaking CWNS during narrative and conversational samples elicited in Urdu and English to provide preliminary information about this population. Participants included 3 bilingual UE children ranging in age from 5 years to 7 years and 11 months who were recruited from the surrounding Houston, Texas area. Findings indicate that, much like SE children, bilingual UE speaking children can meet or exceed the diagnostic criteria for developmental stuttering. The study also found UE children to display stuttering-like disfluencies (SLDs) in the form of sound-syllable repetitions (SSR) and whole-word repetitions (WWR), which is identical to the findings in SE children. The results of this study may contribute to further research into the speech disfluencies of UE children, both CWS and CWNS, as well as other languages spoken in the US in order to contribute to the appropriate diagnostic criteria for stuttering amongst culturally and linguistically diverse populations.Item An Investigation of Speech Disfluencies of Bilingual Urdu-English(2020-05) Kabani, Aasia; Johnson, Kia N.; Irani, Farzan; Ntourou, KaterinaBilingual Urdu-English (UE) children who do not stutter (CWNS) are known to exceed the diagnostic criteria for developmental stuttering based on monolingual English speakers during their developmental age. Because of this, this population is at a great risk of being misdiagnosed as children who stutter (CWS). The purpose of this current study is to examine the frequency and types of speech disfluencies in school-age bilingual Urdu-English (UE) children who do not stutter (CWNS) during narrative and conversational language samples. This study compared the frequency and types of speech disfluencies of Urdu-English (UE) CWNS to those of Spanish-English (SE) CWNS from Rincon, Johnson, and Byrd (2020) during narrative and conversational language samples. The current study was an expansion of Naqvi (2019) to include a larger sample of Urdu-English speaking children and address other limitations identified in this previous study. Participants included bilingual Urdu-English children (6 CWNS) ranging from 5 years to 7 years and 11 months that were recruited from the greater Houston, Texas area. Findings indicated that the current diagnostic criteria for developmental stuttering, which is based on Monolingual English Speakers, are not appropriate for bilingual Urdu-English CWNS. Findings suggests that across both U-E CWNS and S-E CWNS both met the diagnostic stuttering criteria of 3% stutter-like disfluencies per total number of words spoken for 2 of the 4 samples, in both narrative. Secondly, UE-CWNS presented with stuttering-like disfluencies that are based on repetition including sound syllable repetition and whole word repetition, as well as audible sound prolongation. Lastly, U-E CWNS and S-E CWNS both exhibited comparable types of speech disfluencies.Item Examination Of Speech Disfluencies In The Story Generation Narratives Of Bidialectal Children(2021-05) Starling, Emily Marie; Johnson, Kia N.; Mills, Monique T.; Daniels, Derek E.As language use in the US continues to expand and diversify, concerns have arisen regarding the use of diagnostic criteria for stuttering that were created based on monolingual English-speaking norms. Specifically, research has already revealed that bilingual Spanish-English speaking children are at an increased risk for misdiagnosis of stuttering. The purpose of this study was to determine if bidialectal children who speak African American English (AAE) and Mainstream American English (MAE) are at that same risk. We hypothesized that bidialectal children would speak with a greater frequency and variety of speech disfluencies in their story generation narratives. The story generation narratives of children who speak with no variation (monodialectal), some variation (bidialectal), and strong variation (monodialectal) from MAE were coded for speech disfluencies and analyzed for statistical significance between the three groups. No statistically significant differences were found between any group in the amount or variety of speech disfluencies. This suggests that bidialectal children are not at an increased risk for misdiagnosis of stuttering, and current diagnostic criteria is appropriate for use with this population.Item Examining the Presentation of Speech Disfluencies in Story Generation Narrative Samples of Bidialectal Children(2020-05) Walker, Chenelle Lee; Johnson, Kia N.; Mills, Monique T.; Daniels, Derek E.Bilingualism affects fluency resulting in increased disfluencies when compared to monolingual speakers (Coalson, Pena, & Byrd, 2013). However, little is known about the impact of speech fluency when speaking two dialects, also referred to as bidialectalism (Lanehart, 2015; Lee-James & Washington, 2018). Johnson and Mills (2019) examined the speech disfluencies of bidialectal children during a story retell paradigm. Findings suggested that unlike bilingual Spanish-English speaking children, bidialectal children who do not stutter (CWNS) did not exceed or meet the criteria used to diagnosis developmental stuttering in children. However, story retell tasks do not necessarily mimic conversational speech which means that this could still be an issue for bidialectal children based on other forms of communication. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of speech disfluencies exhibited during story generation narrative samples of bidialectal children who are classified as having (1) no variation from Mainstream American English (MAE), (2) some variation from MAE, and (3) strong variation from MAE as determined by the DELV. The subset of 42 African American (AA) participants (male=20, female=22; ages= 88-144 months) from Johnson & Mills (2019) were split into three groups: no variation from MAE (n=15), some variation (n=6), and strong variation (n=21). Findings indicate that all three of the talker groups exceeded 3% of stuttering-like disfluencies (SLDs). Additionally, all groups presented with blocks and prolongations similar to children who stutter (CWS). This suggests that the communication style of AA culture, not dialect may be related to fluency.