Browsing by Author "Babcock, Julia C."
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Item A Dyadic Analysis of Partner Violence and Adult Attachment: An Application of the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model(2014-12) Sommer, Hannah; Babcock, Julia C.; Sharp, Carla; Knee, C. RaymondIntimate partner violence (IPV) is generally thought of as a crime against women (Banks, Kini, & Babcock, 2013; Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). However, there is mounting evidence that suggests high rates of bidirectional violence in which both the man and female partner perpetrate acts of physical aggression (Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Misra, Selwyn, & Rohling, 2012; Schafer, Caetano, & Clark, 1998; Straus & Gelles, 1986). Insecure attachment orientation has consistently been linked to individual IPV perpetration directly (Babcock, Jacobson, Gottman, & Yerington, 2000; Holtzworth-Munroe, Stuart, & Hutchinson, 1997; Kesner & McKenry, 1998), or through mediating or moderating variables (Fournier, Brassard, & Shaver, 2011; Mauricio & Gormley, 2001; Scott & Babcock, 2010). However, studies of individuals have limitations because they do not take into account the dynamic nature of adult romantic relationships on the maintenance of IPV, identifying instead one perpetrator and one victim. The current study utilizes the structural equation model version of the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM; Kenny, 1996) to examine how partners' attachment characteristics influence the maintenance of each other's partner violence. Results from the current study suggest that attachment characteristics of both partners influence each other to maintain IPV.Item A Multilevel Examination of Cardiac Vagal Control and Aggressive Behavior during Interpersonal Conflict Among Partner Violent Couples: The Role of Empathy and Emotion Regulation(2023-05-22) Godfrey, Donald Andrew; Babcock, Julia C.; Vincent, John P.; Derrick, Jaye L.; Denny, Bryan T.Cardiac vagal control, a measure of parasympathetic nervous system influence on the heart, is a widely used psychophysiological measure that has been associated with interpersonal aggression. However, the field has been limited by its use of average change scores of pre- and post- a standard stressor rather than within-person phasic changes in physiology over time. The current analysis examined phasic cardiac vagal control and observed aggression among 43 heterosexual couples with a recent history of IPV throughout a naturalistic conflict discussion task. Additionally, men completed measures of cognitive empathy and emotional regulation. Results show that cardiac vagal control increased linearly throughout the conflict. This linear increase was stronger among women whose partners were highly aggressive during the conflict. Men’s emotional regulation was positively associated with men’s cardiac vagal control and negatively associated with their partner’s cardiac vagal control. Increases in aggressive behavior during the conflict was followed by an increase in cardiac vagal control 30 seconds later for men and women. Women experienced decreases in cardiac vagal control 30 second following their partners’ increase in aggression. The within-person associations between aggression and cardiac vagal control were strongest for women whose partners were low in cognitive empathy. Results support that aggression may act as a maladaptive physiological regulation strategy, and partners of aggressive men may blunt physiological reactive via parasympathetic activation to protect against consistent stress responses to aggressive behavior from their partner.Item A STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODEL INVESTIGATING PARENTAL RELATIONSHIPS AND GENDERED-FUNCTIONING AMONG MEN:(2012-12) Siffert, Kevin 1978-; Lopez, Frederick G.; Wiesner, Margit F.; Babcock, Julia C.; Gaa, John P.Attachment theorists posit that if young boys do not have caregivers who are emotionally supportive of them, as young men they may develop unhealthy levels of autonomous functioning, and, in particular, and adopt unhealthy and restrictive masculine gender roles (i.e., gender-role conflicts; O’Neil, 1981; Shaver, 1996; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007) or in Kohutian terminology, problematic gendered-functioning (Blazina, 2001). This study sought to extend previous investigations by: (a) explicitly examining the unique contribution of quality of attachment from each parent (PAQ; Kenny, 1987) to selfobject orientations and gendered-functioning and (b) testing the hypothesis that associations of parental relationship quality and gendered-functioning will be mediated by selfobject orientations in sample of college men. Both Kohut’s self psychology and Bowlby’s attachment theory provide a comprehensive lens for understanding how early developmental experiences (i.e., attachment provisions and selfobject needs) lead men to construct an unhealthy sense of gendered-functioning. Toward this goal, this investigation will identify important areas of overlap between attachment theory, self psychology, and masculine gendered-functioning. Early portions of the opening chapter will explore concepts central to gender role conflict and developmental theory (gender-role conflict and problematic gender-functioning will be used interchangeably throughout this study). Following this, concepts central to Kohut’s self psychology and gendered-functioning in men will be presented. Next, studies that have utilized attachment constructs towards an understanding of men's GRC will be presented. Chapter 1 will conclude with a discussion of detailed research questions and hypotheses, drawn from this review and assessed in this study. Chapter 2 will then summarize and critique of key studies in the literature that have examined interrelationships among the theoretical constructs under study. Chapter 3 will provide a detailed review of the proposed methods and analyses for conducting this investigation, followed by findings from this study. Lastly, Chapter 4 will offer a critique of the current investigation, along with key findings and directions for future research.Item An Investigation of Cultural Sensitivity and Racial Bias in the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition(2023-08) McLaren, Ronnie; Sharp, Carla; Ahmed, Yusra; Babcock, Julia C.; Walton, Quenette L.Mentalizing, or one’s ability to understand the mental states of oneself and others, is vital for social functioning and is predictive of a wide range of social and psychological outcomes. Mentalizing ability develops via social learning and is dependent upon the environment in which one is raised. The Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition is a widely used and ecologically valid measure of social cognition in which participants answer multiple-choice questions about the thoughts and feelings of characters in a short movie. While we know that there are cross-cultural differences in mentalizing, no study has yet investigated the impact of race within the USA on MASC scores. Thus, the aims of the proposed study are to, in a sample of young adults (N = 1,230), 1) investigate the factor structure of the MASC, 2) evaluate the MASC for bias based on race and ethnicity by evaluating its measurement invariance across racial and ethnic groups, 3) investigate the contribution of cultural sensitivity and racial ingroup effects to any cross-group differences in MASC performance using qualitative and quantitative exploratory analyses, and 4) evaluate cross-racial differences in patterns of mentalizing. Factor analytic results support a unidimensional factor structure, and measurement invariance analysis provides evidence for racial invariance. Non-Hispanic White individuals are more likely to select the “correct” answer than other racial groups, suggesting that optimal mentalizing strategy and mentalizing values and norms may differ based on racial group membership. However, limitations of measurement invariance in assessing sources of common method variance limit the strength of these conclusions.Item Anger Expression in Couples: How Does Each Partner’s Personality Influence the Other’s Expression of Anger?(2013-08) Nisenbaum, Max 1983-; Lopez, Frederick G.; Wiesner, Margit F.; Day, Susan X.; Babcock, Julia C.How members of romantic couples behave when compelled to express their anger and how they respond to the anger of their partners determines whether problems are resolved or whether the conflicts escalate and lead to the deterioration of relational bonds. Attachment researchers have observed that adult attachment characteristics are related to patterns of anger expression, with more secure individuals generally expressing anger less frequently and in more adaptive ways than more insecure individuals. However, the research that links attachment characteristics to anger coping styles is limited in that it does not examine how one relationship partner might influence the other’s expression of anger. The purpose of the current study was to extend previous research by collecting data from both members of a relationship to examine how one partner’s personality characteristics influence the other’s anger-related behavior. A key assumption examined was that the quality of one partner’s responses to another’s anger would predict the other’s anger-related behavior. In order to deal with the problem of nonindependent data, hypotheses were tested using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM), a data analytic strategy that takes into account the nonindependence of dyadic data. Results suggest that both partners’ personality attributes may play a role in one another’s anger-related behavior.Item Are “Dynamic” Predictors of Youth Violence Actually Dynamic?(2015-08) Davis, Jessica Klement; Vincent, John P.; Francis, David J.; Babcock, Julia C.Youth violence is a serious social problem with a 12-month prevalence rate of about 35 percent (Herrenkohl, Lee, & Hawkins, 2012). While research has identified dynamic predictors of violence, there is little evidence of their malleability and impact on youth violence since experimental studies are scarce and few correlational studies have examined within-individual differences. Also, few studies have applied item response modeling (IRM), which allows differential weighting of violent acts. The current study is the first to use multilevel modeling (MLM) to examine predictors of within-individual change in violence among males in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) data set. Due to sex differences in the rates of violent offending, the sample is restricted to males. It is only the second study to use IRM to scale the violence outcome measure. The sample includes males (N=2288) from the Add Health public dataset, which captures violent offending from Wave 1 (age 11-21) to Wave 2 (age 12-22). Samejima’s (1997) graded response model translated self-reported violence onto a continuous scale. MLM examined dynamic predictors of within-individual change in violence, static predictors of between-individual differences, and the interaction between age and peer delinquency. The IRM results showed that items varied in difficulty, poor factor loading for one item, and local dependence for two other items. The results of MLM indicated that, on average, individuals became less violent with age; Peer delinquency, a daily family meal, and alcohol use significantly predicted within-individual change in violence; and demographic variables, GPA, school attachment, history of grade retention, depressive symptoms, peer delinquency, and a daily family meal significantly predicted the level of violence between individuals.Item Basic Psychological Needs Specific to LGB Identity(2021-05) Browne, Lindsay J.; Knee, C. Raymond; Derrick, Jaye L.; Babcock, Julia C.Self-determination theory (SDT) posits the three basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Satisfaction of these needs is essential to one’s well-being. This research examined satisfaction and frustration of these needs regarding one’s lesbian/gay/bisexual (LGB) identity. Using this framework, this study adds to our understanding of how stigma and the concealment or outness of one’s identity relate to one’s well-being. The study assessed well-being, stigma, and outness as well as an adaptation of basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration. This cross-sectional survey study assessed 350 participants to validate the adapted scale. Through exploratory factor analysis the adapted scale yielded two factors of satisfaction and frustration and was internally reliable. It was hypothesized that satisfaction of psychological needs regarding one’s identity would be positively associated with well-being. Similarly, stigma and outness were predicted to be negatively and positively associated with well-being, respectively. Results supported these hypotheses. Further, potential mediation and moderation by need satisfaction were examined. While interactions were not significant, the mediation hypotheses received mixed support that indicates that this would benefit from further research. This study created an internally reliable measure of need specific identity satisfaction and frustration which has clear associations with well-being, stigma, and outness.Item Daily Diary Study of Self-Report Relationship Behaviors as Predictors of Relationship Satisfaction(2021-08) Lebar, Jacob L; Vincent, John P.; Babcock, Julia C.; Derrick, Jaye L.; Harris, Gerald E.The goal of this study was to examine associations between self-reported positive and negative relationship behaviors and relationship satisfaction using a 10-day daily dairy in a diverse sample of college students in committed relationships. The association between self-report relationship behaviors and relationship satisfaction was examined while controlling for time spent with their partner and relevant demographic variables. Further, the relative predictive power of self-report and partner perceived positive relationship behaviors of relationship satisfaction were investigated and compared. Daily relationship satisfaction, positive and negative relationship behavior checklists, and time spent with their partner were collected for 10 consecutive days. Results indicate that mean daily self-report positive and negative relationship behaviors were significantly predictive of relationship satisfaction, explaining at least 22.6% of variance in all analyses, after accounting for contextual variables. These results include both relationship satisfaction assessed through a global measure and mean daily report. Two models were examined, one in which mean daily positive and negative relationship behaviors were entered as separate predictors, and the other relationship behaviors were entered as a single behavior ratio, comprised of mean daily negative to positive relationship behaviors. Both self-report and perceived partner positive relationship behaviors were found to be significantly associated with daily relationship behavior. Commonality analysis supported that they uniquely explain .03% and 2.87% of variance respectively, while their shared common association explained 21.33% of the variance in relationship satisfaction. These results support self-report of positive and negative relationship behaviors as predictive of relationship satisfaction. Next steps include replication in additional populations and investigation into whether individualized relationship feedback is associated with changes in self-report relationship behaviors and satisfaction.Item Dating Violence and Peer Conflict In Adolescents With and Without Borderline Personality Disorder(2020-10) Asim, NabeehaBackground: A hallmark feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD) is unstable interpersonal relationships. Adolescents with BPD may be more likely to experience teen dating violence (TDV) and peer conflict. Yet, there is little research studying TDV and peer conflict in the context of BPD. The overall aim of this study was to examine whether adolescents with BPD or BPD features report higher levels of TDV and peer conflict. Method: The sample included 235 inpatient adolescents with BPD, 417 non-BPD psychiatric inpatient adolescents, and 441 healthy adolescents. Self-report measures of BPD features, TDV, and peer conflict were completed by the three groups of adolescents. A semi-structured BPD interview was conducted across the two inpatient groups. Results: While controlling for relevant demographic variables, results revealed that TDV victimization, perpetration and all forms and functions of peer conflict had a significant association with borderline features. Furthermore, the BPD group had higher levels of TDV victimization and reactive overt aggression than the psychiatric controls and healthy controls, even after controlling for relevant demographic variables. There were no significant differences between BPD and control groups in TDV perpetration and other forms and functions of peer conflict. Conclusions: Findings suggest that TDV and peer conflict are important correlates for BPD pathology. TDV and peer conflict ought to be considered for early prevention and treatment of BPD.Item Decisional Balance: Theory, History, Research, and Directions for Alcohol Research(2013-05) Foster, Dawn W.; Neighbors, Clayton; Babcock, Julia C.; Lu, Qian; Walters, ScottThis study seeks to replicate and extend decisional balance (DB) research by implementing a DB intervention among heavy drinking undergraduates, and comparing the traditional non-weighted DB proportion (DBP; Collins, Carey, & Otto, 2009) to a DBP that is weighted based on the relative importance of items. We expected that consistent with previous findings, the intervention would result in decreased drinking compared to control. We further expect that the weighted DBP would be a better predictor of reduced drinking compared to the non-weighted DBP or control. Additionally, we expect that intervention efficacy would be moderated by initial DBP. One hundred and eighty heavy drinking undergraduates (Mean age = 24.37, SD = 6.81, 27% male) completed study materials including measures of alcohol consumption and DB at baseline (pre- and post-intervention) and again during a one month follow-up assessment. Results showed that consistent with expectations, the intervention predicted follow-up drinking (drinks per week). Furthermore, consistent with expectations, the weighted DBP was associated with reduced drinks per week and marginally associated with reduced problems. Results further indicated that the actual weight values did not moderate intervention efficacy. This finding suggests that the process of weighting pros and cons may be instrumental in moving individuals toward change, regardless of the actual values of the weights. The broad, long-term objective of the current study is to lay the groundwork for enhancing future interventions by increasing empirical knowledge of the role motivation plays in heavy alcohol use and factors in predicting drinking.Item Defining the Construct of Malingered PTSD in Civil Litigation: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis(2021-08) Fox, Katherine A; Vincent, John P.; Babcock, Julia C.; Harris, Gerald E.; Burris Garner, Elizabeth A.The possibility of feigned or malingered psychological symptoms is a crucial concern in personal injury litigation and mental health professionals are often faced with the task of identifying falsified or exaggerated presentations. Current recommendations in malingering assessment encourage the use of multiple methods, including both symptom-validity and performance-validity based tests. Supporting these recommendations, findings from neuropsychological research with compensation-seeking patients with neurocognitive conditions suggests the underlying structure of malingering consists of both performance-based and symptom-based latent factors. The present study aimed to extend these findings to a simulated personal injury paradigm, in which PTSD is alleged without concurrent physical injury (e.g., traumatic brain injury). As a part of larger research initiative, 411 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of four conditions, which outlined a simulated motor vehicle accident and subsequent psychological and cognitive symptoms. Experimental conditions varied on the degree of suggestion to malinger symptoms and the presence of litigation. Participants completed four widely-used measures for the purpose of detecting malingering (the SIMS, M-FAST, TSI-2 ATR and TOMM). Utilizing confirmatory factor analyses, the present study aimed to delineate the underlying factor structure of malingered PTSD by comparing measures of goodness-of-fit across three hypothesized latent factor models. Hypothesized models included (1) a single, “general badness” factor, (2) cognitive and psychiatric-based factors, and (3) SVT and PVT-based factors. Consistent with prior research, it was found that the two-factor, SVT and PVT-based model demonstrated best fit with the data. These results suggest that practitioners should utilize a variety of methods when PTSD is alleged in personal injury settings, including both PVT and SVT approaches, even in the absence of physical injuries.Item Differential Predictors of Intimate Partner Sexual Coercion Perpetration(2017-08) Snead, Alexandra L.; Babcock, Julia C.; Vincent, John P.; Kulesz, Paulina A.The current study attempted to expand on existing literature regarding predictors of perpetrating intimate partner sexual violence to determine if there are unique predictors or sexual violence that differentiate it from physical abuse. It was hypothesized that men’s controlling, dominant and jealousy behaviors and verbal aggression exhibited during a conflict discussion would significantly predict both increased intimate partner sexual coercion and physical assault perpetration. Furthermore, these predictors were expected to be more predictive of sexual coercion than physical assault perpetration. Violent couples were recruited from the community (N = 159). The results demonstrated that men’s controlling behavior was a significant predictor of both sexual coercion perpetration and physical assault perpetration. Additionally, results found that different types of jealousy were unique to sexual coercion and physical assault. Specifically, behavioral jealousy was significant predictor of increased sexual coercion perpetration whereas and men’s emotional jealousy was a significant predictor of increased physical assault perpetration. Men’s emotional jealousy was significantly more predictive of physical assault perpetration more than sexual coercion perpetration. No predictors studied better predicted increased sexual coercion perpetration more than physical assault perpetration. These findings suggest that sexual coercion perpetration may be another type and form of physical assault without unique predictors.Item Differential Utility of Skills-Based Interventions for Proactive and Reactive Batterers(2015-08) Kini, Sheetal Satish; Babcock, Julia C.; Vincent, John P.; Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; Leung, PatrickThe current study reexamines data from Babcock and colleagues (2011) proximal change experiment to discern the differential utility of communication skills-based interventions between Proactive and Reactive batterers. Given that communication styles and motivations for violence are markedly different for Reactive and Proactive batterers, the aim of this study was to conduct a preliminary treatment matching study for Proactive and Reactive batterers. We hypothesized that Proactive men would exhibit more positive emotional and behavioral change following the Accepting Influence intervention while Reactive men would exhibit more positive emotional and behavior change following the ‘Editing out the Negative’ intervention. Partners of Proactive and Reactive men were also hypothesized to exhibit similar patterns of behavioral and emotional changes. Results found that batterers were able to learn both skills equally well. While a series of MANCOVAs found no differences by type of batterers’ response to different interventions, contrast analyses revealed a trend. Reactive batterers tended to feel less aggressive after completing the ‘Editing out the Negative’ intervention in comparison to the Proactive batterers who completed the ‘Accepting influence’ intervention (t= 1.49, p = .10) and tended to exhibit less negative affect in comparison to Reactive batterers that completed the Accepting Influence intervention ( t = 19.1, p = .03). Partners of Reactive men who completed the ‘Editing out the Negative’ intervention also became significantly less aggressive compared to women whose partners completed the ‘Accepting Influence’ intervention (t = 4.67, p = 0.03). Findings of the current study lend some support for tailoring interventions specific to batterer type and eliminating the ‘one size fits all trend’ for batterer intervention programs.Item Dispositional and Contextual Risk Factors Associated with Borderline Personality Features and Intimate Partner Violence(2019-05) Armenti, Nicholas A.; Babcock, Julia C.; Vincent, John P.; Knee, C. Raymond; Leung, PatrickIndividuals with borderline personality features may be particularly susceptible to reacting to situational stressors with negative emotion and aggression. The current study employed an experimental rejection induction paradigm to examine reactions to imagined rejection from a current romantic partner among individuals with borderline personality features. Results of the experimental rejection induction paradigm indicated that when individuals were asked to imagine an ambiguous rejection by their current romantic partner, the relation between borderline personality features and state anger post-rejection was strengthened. For individuals who imagined a critical rejection, there was no significant relation between borderline personality features and state anger post-rejection. Borderline personality features was positively associated with rejection sensitivity, physical assault, and psychological aggression. While rejection sensitivity did not serve as a mediator of the relation between borderline personality features and physical assault and psychological aggression, trait anger fully mediated the relation between borderline personality features and psychological aggression. Clinically, this suggests that angry responses to actual or perceived rejection are relevant targets for individual and couples-based interventions, especially for those with borderline personality features.Item Do Offenders Specialize? A Multilevel IRT Analysis of Offending Patterns in Adolescence and Early Adulthood(2018-08) Klement, Jessica; Vincent, John P.; Francis, David J.; Babcock, Julia C.; Temple, JeffResearch examining specialization in violence, or whether certain offenders commit violent crimes at a higher rate relative to their individual rate of offending, has important implications for policy makers and scholars alike. Despite good evidence for predictors of violence, most of these prior analyses focus on the frequency of violence, which is confounded by overall rate of offending and does not distinguish factors uniquely related to violent versus nonviolent offenses. Osgood and Schreck (2007) introduced an item response theory (IRT) measurement approach that is nested within a multilevel model, which overcomes many of earlier methods’ shortcomings. Several studies using this method have found evidence of specialization in violence and stability in measurement among adolescents, but longitudinal samples have been limited to five years or less; differences between local environments have yet to be examined within this framework. The current study utilized a multilevel IRT method of analysis to (a) determine whether individuals differ systematically in their pattern to commit violent versus nonviolent offenses; (b) determine whether there is stability (i.e., correlation) in the measurement of specialization and overall offending across our two measurement points; (c) examine demographic covariates, neuropsychological factors, peer risk factors, and environmental criminogenic risk factors; and (d) examine differences in the pattern of relationships between explanatory variables with overall offending compared to specialization. Altogether, our results provided several points in support of the existence of specialization as a phenomenon that is measurable, separate from the individual rate of offending and population base rates, and endures over time.Item Effects of Angry Rumination and Distraction in Partner Violent Men(2016-05) Potthoff, Andrea L.; Babcock, Julia C.; Vincent, John P.; Knee, C. Raymond; Leung, PatrickAlthough the tendency to ruminate is related to the frequency of intimate partner violent (IPV) perpetration (Sotelo & Babcock, 2013), it is unclear how intimate partner violent men react emotionally and physiologically during angry rumination. The current study is the first to experimentally manipulate rumination and distraction in a violent sample. Using the rumination and distraction paradigm developed by Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow (1993), IPV and nonviolent (NV) men underwent an anger induction and were randomly assigned to either ruminate or distract. Both groups were expected to show an increase in physiological arousal and self-reported anger during rumination and a decrease in physiological arousal and self-reported anger during distraction. Self-reported anger was predicted to mediate the change in physiological arousal. IPV men were hypothesized to experience increased effects of rumination compared to NV men. The present study also explored IPV men’s tendency to ruminate (trait rumination). As predicted, the results demonstrate an increase in heart rate from baseline to post-rumination. No change in physiological arousal was observed in the distraction condition over time. Surprisingly, both conditions resulted in an increase in self-reported anger. Self-reported anger could not be tested as a mediator of physiological arousal because the basic requirements of mediation were not established. No difference self-reported anger was found between IPV and NV men. Trait rumination was found to be positively correlated with IPV frequency, depressive symptoms, and anxious symptoms. From a theoretical and clinical perspective, the effects of angry rumination in IPV men, and a violent sample in general, must be examined in order to understand the sequence of events that lead to an act of IPV and develop effective interventions for perpetrators.Item Emotions That Predict Intimate Partner Violence among Women and Men(2017-05) Sommer, Johannah M.; Babcock, Julia C.; Vincent, John P.; Rodriguez, Lindsey M.; Knee, C. RaymondAlthough maladaptive communication and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) have consistently been associated, higher-order communication factors and dyadic statistical approaches are needed to examine how violent partners communicate. Furthermore, evidence continues to suggest high rates of bilateral violence, a form of IPV where both partners initiate violence perpetration, but little is known about factors maintaining bilateral violence in these relationships. The current study sought to use factor analysis to explore how violent couples communicate using the Specific Affect (SPAFF) coding scheme, and how communication is related to physical assault perpetration and bilateral physical assault using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM). Community-recruited violent couples (n = 258) completed violence questionnaires and engaged in a conflict discussion. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results did not confirm the existing four-factor structure of SPAFF. Instead, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) found support for a six-factor structure for men and a four-factor structure for women. Men and women had one shared Aggression factor (comprised of Defensiveness, Contempt, and Belligerence) that was used to predict physical assault in APIM models. Models found couple-level support for the Aggression factor for men and women, and their interaction, being associated with physical assault perpetration and bilateral violence. Results highlight the potential efficacy of individual and conjoint treatments for IPV that target negative communication behaviors and affect.Item Examining the Role of Facial Affect Recognition In The Relation Between Physiological Reactivity And Aggression During Marital Conflict(2019-12) Godfrey, Donald Andrew; Babcock, Julia C.; Vincent, John P.; Derrick, Jaye L.Understanding the affective mechanisms that underlie aggression and violence within interpersonal relationships is vital to the development of treatments that will reduce recidivism. Researchers examining physiological factors of emotion have identified differential patterns of physiological reactivity among different types of intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators during interpersonal conflict. Although it is unclear what mechanisms are influencing these distinct physiological patterns, research suggests that perpetrators’ ability to decode emotions may be involved. The current study examined the effects of physiological reactivity on observed aggression of male IPV perpetrators during marital conflict across levels of facial affect recognition (FAR) accuracy. In particular, we examined the sympathetic nervous system, via Skin Conductance Level (SCL) Reactivity, and the parasympathetic nervous system, via Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity. Secondary data analyses were conducted on a previous study examining heterosexual couples with past male to female IPV perpetration. Couples completed self-report measures and participated in a conflict discussion regarding a topic of conflict with their partner while physiological and behavioral measures were recorded. Additionally, males were administered a facial affect recognition task. Results suggest that RSA and SCL reactivity had a significant effect on male observed aggression at high FAR accuracy. Specifically, co-deactivation of both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activity was associated with increased observed aggressive behavior. Our result suggests a dual physiological model of affect reactive aggression: parasympathetic withdrawal indicative of emotional dysregulation, and sympathetic attenuation associated with behavioral disinhibition.Item Factors Mediating and Moderating the Relation Between Abuse and Commitment(2013-05) Potthoff, Andrea L.; Babcock, Julia C.; Knee, C. Raymond; Acitelli, Linda K.The present study seeks to extend the current body of literature regarding the effect of intimate partner violence (IPV) on a victim’s commitment to a relationship. Drawing upon the Investment Model (Rusbult, 1980) and implicit relationship beliefs (Knee, 1998), the current study tested mediators and moderators between the frequency of physical and psychological abuse and victims’ level of commitment in a community sample of battered women. Relationship satisfaction was hypothesized to mediate the relation between abuse and commitment. Implicit relationship beliefs, specifically destiny and growth beliefs, were hypothesized to moderate the relation between abuse and commitment. Correlations showed that commitment was negatively correlated with physical and psychological abuse. Relationship satisfaction was positively correlated with commitment and negatively correlated with physical and psychological abuse. Destiny and growth beliefs were not significantly correlated with each other or any of the other variables. Regression analyses showed that relationship satisfaction fully mediated the relation between abuse and commitment for both physical and psychological abuse. Multiple regression analyses revealed no significant moderating effect of destiny or growth belief. From a clinical perspective, these results suggest that perhaps making victims aware of the effect abuse has on their relationship satisfaction may be a beneficial first step in increasing their awareness of the pathological nature of abusive relationships.Item INTER-OBSERVER AGREEMENT AND THE EFFECTS OF ETHNICITY ON OBSERVATIONAL CODING OF AFFECT(2013-12) Banks, Josilyn Camille; Babcock, Julia C.; Norton, Peter J.; Knee, C. RaymondObservational research has shown that ethnicity of coders can bias their coding of people of different ethnic origin. However, observational coding systems of affect assume that emotion is universal and can be reliably coded across culture. The current study examined whether the ethnicity of the coder interacts with the ethnicity of the observed participant to influence judgments of the participants' affect displays. Couples engaged in a conflict discussion and their affect displays were coded using the Specific Affect Coding System (SPAFF; Gottman, McCoy, Coan, & Collier, 1996). Although it was predicted that coders would show a positive bias towards “in-group” (ethnically matched) participants and a negative bias towards “out-group” (not ethnically matched) participants, result suggest that no such biases exist Rather, Caucasian coders coded more neutral affect for Caucasian couples than African American coders coded for Caucasian couples. This only significant difference between coders on judgments of positive or negative codes suggests that SPAFF is relatively robust against ethnic stereotyping.
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