Effects of Trade Liberalization on Gender Inequality: Empirical Evidence from India

This dissertation is composed of two essays. In the first essay, using a panel of establishments from the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI), I study the impact of the 1991 trade liberalization episode in India on the employment share of women. Contrary to the predictions of a taste-based discrimination model, I find that establishments exposed to larger output tariff reductions and import competition reduced the share of female workers. I also find that input tariff reductions neither raised nor reduced female employment share. The negative association between output tariff reductions and female employment appears to be driven by two factors. First, establishments facing larger output tariff declines engaged in more skill-upgrading which worked against women (who are less skilled in terms of measured education). Second, establishments facing larger tariff declines increased the number of shifts per worker. Since women in India are prohibited by law from working long hours and night shifts, this hours-constraint appears to have reduced relative employment of women. I find this effect to be particularly large among ``big and private'' establishments.

In the second essay, using household data from The Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS), 2005, I look at the effect of trade liberalization on education attainment in India. I find that there is an increase in education inequality which is mainly driven by females. Young cohorts in districts which had more employment in industries losing tariff protection experienced lesser increase in primary school and college education. However, I find an increase in secondary level of education for males who completed earlier levels. I also find trade liberalization alters the quality of education.